Screening and Verification of Low Nitrogen Tolerant and Nitrogen Sensitive Cotton Germplasm

[Objective] The aim of this study is to evaluate nitrogen efficient cotton germplasms and improve nitrogen use efficiency. [Method] Eighty cotton germplasms were selected and evaluated in the hydroponic experiment under low (0.25 mmol·L^－1) and high (5 mmol·L^－1) nitrogen concentration. Different traits for screening were identified and nitrogen use efficiency types were classified. Field experiments were also performed for comparison and confirmation of the identified germplasms. [Result] The results showed that there were significant differences in the total plant dry matter, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency in cotton germplasms at the two nitrogen levels. Based on coefficient of variation, principal component analysis and correlation, six traits including total plant dry matter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total nitrogen accumulation, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency were used as screening indicators. According to the Heatmap clustering analysis and the nitrogen efficiency comprehensive index, two germplasms (Lu05R59 and CCRI 69) were identified as low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient, and two germplasms (Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30) as low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient. The results of field experiment were consistent with the results of the hydroponic culture at the seedling stage. [Conclusion] It was finally determined that Lu05R59 and CCRI 69 were the low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient germplasms, and Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30 were low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient germplasms. The results of these studies provide the possibility for screening and rapid identification of nitrogen use efficiency in cotton at the seedling stage, and provide the ideal materials and theoretical basis for further study of cotton nitrogen efficient.     

2015―2020年国家西北内陆棉区棉花品种区域试验参试品种（系）枯黄萎病抗性评述

对2015－2020年参加西北内陆棉区区域试验的192个棉花品种（系）枯萎病、黄萎病的抗性分析，为棉花抗病育种及品种推广提供依据。结果表明，参试棉花品种（系）未出现对枯萎病和黄萎病免疫的品种；参试棉花品种（系）对枯萎病的抗性水平较高，除2018年高抗和抗病品种（系）占比为 88.2%外，其他年份均在92%以上；参试的品种（系）的黄萎病抗性水平除2017年较高外，其余各年均较低，以耐病为主，6年耐病品种（系）平均占比为56.2%；参试品种的总体抗枯萎病指数（r_F）远大于总体抗黄萎病指数（r_V）和总体兼抗指数（r_FV）,各年份均表现为r_F＞r_V＞r_FV，且三者均呈振荡上升趋势；早中熟常规棉的抗枯萎病、黄萎病性及兼抗性表现均优于早熟常规棉_。可见，黄萎病抗性的提高是西北内陆棉区选育兼抗棉花品种的关键。     

小麦4B染色体上LOX基因的等位变异及其区域分布

为了解中国不同麦区小麦种质资源籽粒脂肪氧化酶（lipoxygenase,LOX）活性相关基因TaLox-B1的差异和分布,利用小麦4B染色体上的功能标记LOX16和LOX18对7个麦区的436份种质资源进行分子检测。结果表明：在供试材料中共检测到3种TaLox-B1基因等位变异类型,分别为TaLox-B1a（与高LOX活性相关)、TaLox-B1b（与低LOX活性相关）和杂合型,其频率分别为19.0％、70.4％和10.6％。小麦LOX活性基因不同变异类型在各生态区的分布存在明显差异：基因型TaLox-B1a在黄淮冬麦区、北部冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,其比例分别为21.1%、19.8%和17.6%;基因型TaLox-B1b在西南冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,比例分别为87.9%、72.5%;杂合型仅存在于北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区与长江中下游冬麦区,比例分别为14.2%、12.4%和9.8%。利用标记LOX16和LOX18对53个自选高代品系进行分子检测,发现自选品系仅有TaLox-B1b与杂合型两种基因型,其中基因型TaLox-B1ab有32个,比例为60.4%。采用分子标记辅助选择,有利于快速鉴定小麦籽粒LOX活性,加速LOX的遗传改良和新品种选育。     

TCD燃烧系统对柴油机燃烧和排放性能改善效果的试验研究

为探究道依茨TCD2015柴油机上配备的导流燃烧系统(简称TCD燃烧系统,T表示涡轮增压器,Turbocharger,C表示进气中冷,Charge air cooling,D为柴油颗粒捕集器,Diesel particle filter)对改善柴油机燃烧性能和降低污染物排放的效果,采用单缸机试验对TCD燃烧系统在不同转速、负荷和过量空气系数下的燃烧和排放性能进行研究。试验结果表明不同工况下TCD燃烧系统燃油消耗率和Soot排放量均低于传统ω燃烧系统,燃油消耗率最大降幅为7.01%,Soot排放量最大降幅为86.67%,且低过量空气系数(1.2～1.6)下TCD燃烧系统仍具有较好的性能。为揭示TCD燃烧系统改善油气混合促进燃烧的机理,采用AVL Fire软件建立了柴油机性能仿真模型。计算结果表明,TCD燃烧系统的环状凸起结构将燃油导向内外两室,从而促进了缸内燃油发展过程,燃油当量比大于4的浓混合气区域燃油质量比例相比ω燃烧系统降幅最大为9.75%,活塞下移时TCD燃烧系统内油束撞击浅盘侧壁形成撞壁射流扩大了燃油扩散面积,从而改善了缸内油气混合质量,燃油当量比小于1的均匀混合气区域燃油质量比例相比ω燃烧系统降幅最大为7.45%,因此TCD燃烧系统能够有效改善柴油机的燃烧和排放性能,可应用于柴油机高负荷和低过量空气系数工况综合性能提升。研究结果可为柴油机燃烧系统开发和改进提供参考。     

植物外源多酚氧化酶酶促合成茶黄素的研究进展

近年来,茶黄素作为一种具有多种生理功能的天然物质,受到国内外研究者们的广泛关注.本文从筛选酶促合成茶黄素PPO的酶源、影响茶黄素制备的因素、酶工程技术在制备茶黄素上的运用以及植物源PPO结构特点和酶促氧化茶黄素机理等方面综述PPO酶促合成茶黄素的研究进展,以望能为工业化制备茶黄素提供参考.     

不同施肥对稻-菜种植模式氮磷吸收及径流流失的影响

  目的  探讨不同肥料对作物养分吸收及农田氮磷流失的影响。  方法  利用水稻Oryza sativa -白菜Brassica pekinensis 轮作田间小区试验, 设置不施肥(ck)、纯化肥(FP)、半替代有机肥(50%有机肥替代，CM)、炭基肥(CC)4个处理，研究不同处理下水稻和白菜产量，作物氮磷吸收量和氮磷径流损失量的变化。  结果  与ck相比，施肥条件下水稻产量显著增加了33.5%~42.5%(P＜0.05)，白菜产量显著增加了26.0%~31.8%(P＜0.05)，水稻氮吸收量显著提高了41.9%~57.4%(P＜0.05)，磷吸收量显著提高了22.8%~41.7%(P＜0.05)，但3种施肥间没有显著差异。与ck相比，3种施肥条件下白菜氮吸收量提高了33.8%~53.6%，CM处理显著高于其他(P＜0.05)，磷吸收量提高了163.5%~267.8%，增幅从大到小依次为FP、CM、CC、ck，不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。稻季3种施肥处理的氮磷径流流失量为13.49~15.32和2.19~2.61 kg·hm?2，径流率为3.5%~4.2%和2.0%~2.4%，菜季氮磷流失量为6.33~6.82和0.35~0.44 kg·hm?2，径流率为1.3%~1.6%和0.1%~0.4%，不同施肥处理间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。  结论  相同养分当量情况下，纯化肥、半替代有机肥、炭基肥对稻菜种植模式氮磷养分吸收及径流流失无影响。图3表4参25     

近五年我国进口巴西棉花质量分析

根据近五年实验室检测大数据,分析我国进口巴西棉花品质指标的主体范围,总结不同主体指标各等级分布情况及变化趋势.结果 表明,巴西棉花的品级、长度和马克隆值合同品质符合率高,但不同指标不同时间段品质符合率略有偏差.综合认为:近五年巴西棉花品质一致性好,主体品质占比大,主体指标范围品质符合率高.     

Evaluation on the fitness and population projection of Nilaparvata lugens in response to elevated CO2 using two-sex life table

Abstract

The life history and fitness of Nilaparvata lugens being reared under ambient level (current CO₂ concentration), medially elevated (550?µL/L) and highly elevated (750?µL/L) CO₂ concentration for long-term generation were compared using two-sex life table instead of traditional age-specific life table. The results showed that significantly longer larval duration and lower fecundity of N. lugens were observed in 750?µL/L relative to 550?µL/L treatment (P?<?0.05). Accordingly, 550?µL/L CO₂ significantly enhanced population parameters of N. lugens, including significantly higher intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (λ) and net reproductive rate (R_O), but not for 750?µL/L CO₂. Taken together, N. lugens performs enhanced development rate, fecundity and survival in individual life history and higher potential in population multiplication under 550?µL/L CO₂ level, while only indicates the less enhanced development rate and survival without significant increased capacity of population expansion under 750?µL/L CO₂ level. These results should facilitate predicting the fitness and potential population damage of N. lugens, which is valuable for the integrated control of N. lugens in the future increasing CO₂ concentration.     

基于主成分分析的吸鱼泵对鱼类损伤评价方法

采用主成分分析法建立吸鱼泵的损伤综合评价方法,为吸鱼泵的研究与改进提供装备技术参数。使用真空吸鱼泵对鲫鱼进行吸捕试验,获取鱼体损伤数据。通过测定体表损伤面积比率、24 h存活率、红细胞数量、白细胞数量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活力、肌酐(Cr)含量等多个关键指标值,采用主成分分析法进行相关性分析,建立损伤综合评价模型。结果显示：采用主成分分析法提取出3个主成分的累积贡献率达到78.232%,可反映出鱼体损伤的大部分情况;损伤评价综合评价模型：F=0.285X₁+0.111X₂+0.316X₃+0.366X₄-0.118X₅+0.234X₆,真空吸鱼泵对鱼的体表和内脏无显著损伤情况,综合得分-0.102,与对照组接近,表明真空吸鱼泵对鱼的损伤影响很小。研究表明,SOD活力、白细胞数和体表损伤面积比率是对损伤评价影响较大的数据指标,采用主成分分析法建立的综合损伤评价模型可以作为评价鱼损伤情况的一种可行方法,为吸鱼泵的改进研究提供了有力参考。     

不同间作绿肥替代化肥模式对木薯性状和产量的影响

通过探讨秸秆还田与化肥减施下间作绿肥对木薯产量性状的影响,着力解决连作木薯土壤肥力提高与改良相关技术的协调增效。于2019-2020年,以木薯品种“南美1号”为供试材料,设置8个处理,调查每个小区的木薯茎径、叶绿素（SPAD）、块根直径、块根长、单株茎秆鲜重、单株块根鲜重、株高、单片叶重、单株块根数以及小区产量等农艺性状。结果表明,处理5（木薯秆还田+化肥减量12.5%+12.5%营养元素当量黑豆绿肥还田）的木薯产量最高,并得到拟合方程。绿肥秸秆还田以及间作绿肥从整体上改良了土壤肥力,并通过显著影响木薯块根、单片叶重以及单株块根数而影响最终产量。